Pregnancy ultrasound or obstetric ultrasound

Emerging technologies in obstetrical ultrasound

Over the years, technological advances have greatly improved the quality and precision of ultrasound images. 3D and 4D ultrasound techniques enable parents to see their baby more realistically, with greater facial and movement detail. These advances not only please parents, they can also provide useful information for medical follow-up.

Challenges and ethical considerations

Although a pregnancy obstetrical ultrasound is a common procedure, it is not without its challenges and controversies. Some healthcare professionals and ethical groups are raising concerns about the use of ultrasound for non-medical purposes, such as sex determination for prenatal selection. It is important to maintain a balance between the medical benefits of ultrasound and the need to respect parents' ethical and cultural choices.

Obstetrical ultrasound examination

What does obstetrical ultrasound equipment look like?

The equipment used for this procedure typically includes a computer console, a video monitor and a transducer, which is a small hand-held device resembling a microphone. Different types of transducer can be used in the same examination, each with specific capabilities tailored to the needs of the assessment.

The transducer emits high-frequency sound waves, inaudible to the human ear, into the body, and listens to the returning echoes. This principle is similar to the sonar used by boats and submarines. During the examination, a technologist applies a small amount of water-based gel to the patient's skin over the area to be examined. This gel enables sound waves to travel efficiently between the transducer and the skin, eliminating any air pockets that might block the passage of the waves. Ultrasound images are immediately visible on the video monitor, created by a computer which analyzes the intensity, frequency and return time of the ultrasound signals, taking into account the different body structures the waves pass through.

How obstetrical ultrasound works

The procedure works on similar principles to those used by bats or fishermen, who use echoes to detect objects in their environment. When sound waves encounter an object, they bounce back to the transducer. By measuring these echoes, it is possible to determine the distance, size, shape and consistency of internal structures, whether solid or liquid-filled. Doctors use ultrasound to detect abnormalities in the appearance of organs, tissues and blood vessels, as well as to identify abnormal masses, such as tumors.

During an ultrasound examination, the transducer sends out sound waves while recording the returning echoes. When the transducer is pressed against the skin, it emits sound pulses, and echoes generated by internal organs, fluids and tissues are picked up by a sensitive receiver in the transducer. A computer instantly processes this data, displaying images in real time on the monitor. The technologist can capture still images or record short video sequences of moving images, enabling visualization of fetal development and heartbeat.

A particularly interesting aspect of obstetrical ultrasound is the use of Doppler technology. This special application of ultrasound measures blood flow through the fetal heart, blood vessels and umbilical cord. Doppler works on the principle that the movement of red blood cells alters the frequency of reflected sound waves, creating a distinct sound effect. Patients often describe this sound as a breath noise, enabling doctors to monitor blood circulation and assess fetal well-being.

How does the procedure work?

For most ultrasound examinations, the patient lies on her back on an examination table, which can be tilted to improve image quality. The radiologist or sonographer positions the patient and applies gel to the area to be examined. The sonographer is then gently moved over the skin to capture the necessary images. Although some pressure may be felt, the examination is generally painless. Once imaging is complete, the technologist cleans the gel from the skin, which evaporates quickly without staining clothing.

In some cases, a transvaginal examination may be required to obtain more detailed images of the uterus and ovaries, particularly in early pregnancy. This procedure is similar to a conventional gynecological examination, with the transducer inserted into the vagina after the patient has emptied her bladder. With this approach, the doctor can obtain images from different angles to better visualize pelvic structures.

Obstetrical ultrasound is therefore an essential tool for monitoring pregnancies, providing crucial information on the health of both fetus and mother. Thanks to technological advances, this examination has evolved to become a safe and effective method for closely monitoring fetal development and intervening rapidly when necessary.

Conclusion

Obstetrical ultrasound remains a crucial step forward in monitoring pregnancy and fetal health. By enabling real-time visualization of the fetus, it provides parents with precious moments and contributes to medical decision-making. Technological advances continue to push the boundaries of this technique, offering more detailed images and a more immersive experience for expectant parents. However, it is imperative to recognize the ethical challenges associated with this procedure and ensure that it is used ethically and responsibly for the well-being of both mother and fetus.

Last update: November 1, 2024
Controlled by Dr Corinne Bordonne